NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, . Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. ), pp. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Specific heat of benzenoid hydrocarbons, The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry). Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. As the specific heat of water is the most, it means most heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C and it is because the water molecules are strongly held together by hydrogen bonds. The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. J. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Monatsh. Das Benzol." reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. J. Phys. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. *** Very flammable. To examine the effects of suppression of NOS activity on hematopoietic stem cells, we treated animals with NOS inhibitors or with control saline solution for 6 or 12 days and analyzed the changes in long-term engraftment of cells from these animals using a competitive repopulation assay: we mixed BM cells from the treated animals expressing the Ly-5.1 (CD45.1) alloantigen with a 4-fold excess . [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 ; Smith, N.K., Richards, W.T. Chem. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, J. Chem. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. Sandmeyer Reaction. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! Grolier, J.-P.E. 1 C H vap (80. In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. lifetime movies list 2023; what does a call back interview mean; stashbox vape bmm; mens burberry belt; boa account number and tax id pdf 2022; Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. J. Chem. [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. The specific heats of binary mixtures, J. For other uses, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity, Critics pointed out a problem with Kekul's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. Several enzymes are involved. The structure of benzene and the benzene ring is shown in Figure 1.2. Data compilation copyright Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. J. Chem. ; Hart, K.R., Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Ser. Chem., 1978, 82, 1282-1290. Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. ; Daniels, F., Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Containers may explode when heated. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. Hence the specific heat of benzene = 1716.475 J/kg.C. Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. J. Vyssh. Bull. This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. Expert Answer. The affected batches were removed from sale. [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 He gave the compound the name benzin. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene:Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. Inzh-Fiz. Ethyl alcohol likely exhibits more hydrogen bonding than water. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Bull. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 Why is the liquid phase of water denser than the solid phase? [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. [all data], Reddy, 1986 The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. Structure and properties. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. ; Picker, P., J. Chem. ; Rossini, F.D., [107][108], This article is about the chemical compound. (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. Toluene is also processed into benzene. Have definite shape (resist deformation) 2. [72][73][74] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[75]. Trans. Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. Department of Health and Human Services. See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances and inorganic substances. J. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? Claus, Adolph K.L. Specific heat of liquids. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. Soc. Acad. A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. ; Blanchard, E.R. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Duff, G.M. [17] Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving it the name bicarburet of hydrogen. 1st Czech. ; Badalov, Yu.A., HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. Burlew, J.S., Am. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction condition). Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. Heat capacities of some organic liquids determined with the Picker flow calorimeter, Hence it floats onwater. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 This reaction is practiced on a large scale industrially. [39] This vision, he said, came to him after years of studying the nature of carbon-carbon bonds. The most important variations contain nitrogen. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. I. ; Gruber, K.; Pereira, J.F. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen, which increases the risk of cancer and other illnesses, and is also a notorious cause of bone marrow failure. Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Curiously, a similar, humorous depiction of benzene had appeared in 1886 in a pamphlet entitled Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (Journal of the Thirsty Chemical Society), a parody of the Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, only the parody had monkeys seizing each other in a circle, rather than snakes as in Kekul's anecdote. [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. heat [1] 3. Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), ; Bhatagadde, L.G., Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Eng. Title: Microsoft Word - 9701_s19_ms_41 Author: whitej Created Date: 8/6/2019 11:46:17 AM . Anal. The specific heat transfer area is 109.46 m 2 per (kg/s) of fresh water and the heat transfer area of the distillate preheater is 200 m 2. J. We don't save this data. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Bunsenges. Thermochim. Chat now for more business. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Williams, J.W. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL Am. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. J. Chem. STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at 42F/5.85C, Specific heat capacity, Cp (solid) at 32F/0C, log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient), Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water), Standard molar entropy, S (solid), at 1 bara. [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? Benzene is a liquid at standard conditions. Technology, Office of Data In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. Aspiration hazard - Category 1 The signal word is danger. [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Phys. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. "Spectral Database for Organic Compounds", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene_(data_page)&oldid=1139250020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Soc. VII. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., All rights reserved. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Tanaka, R., In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? All rights reserved. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Roux, M.V. Water is less resistant to temperature change than ethyl alcohol. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Trans. ; Udovenko, W.W., Kalali, H.; Kohler, F.; Svejda, P., 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. How much heat must be transferred to the mixture per g-mole of feed? Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. J. See also the following documents for changes in benzene properties with changes in pressure and temperature: See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Air, Ammonia, Argon, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, Water and Heavy water, D2O. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 289-299. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. See: Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesttigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Kolmetz, Gentry, Guidelines for BTX Revamps, AIChE 2007 Spring Conference, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ; Jost, W., This process was later discontinued. Oliver, G.D.; Eaton, M.; Huffman, H.M., [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. Zhdanov, A.K., The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Kooner, Z.S. The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Staveley, L.A.K. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of tetrachloroethene + cyclohexane, + methylcyclohexane, + benzene, and + toluene at 298.15 K, Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. Soc., 1930, 52, 1547-1558. . In the bone marrow, MPO converts these polyphenols to benzoquinones. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. Pol. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 1. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. aggravated assault charge. Czech. [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 J. Zur Thermodynamik von Mischphasen IX. Hydrogen chloride gas. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans. 5. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. ; Hepler, L.G., Chim. A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Gorbunova, N.I. The liquid product is 40.0 mole% B, and the vapor product is 68.4 mole% B. Phys. : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. Benzene CCOHS. Mitt. [all data], Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 ; Johnson, W.H. Am. In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. J. Chem. Ahlberg, J.E. Uchebn. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Flammable. [70] Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a general method of derivatizing benzene. Sci. [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. J. Chem. Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. Thermodynam., 1991, 23, 25-30. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. Z. Phys. Am. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. J. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). . National Library of Medicine. [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. +4 A piece of aluminum metal at an initial temperature of 97.3C was placed in a calorimeter containing 49.0g of water at an initial temperature of 22.0C. Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K,

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