[80] Most scholars place the homeland of Afroasiatic near the center of its current distribution,[8] "in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa. p-Daju innovation: addition of *t n. Continue Reading 5 Brian Collins Rashad p-Songhay Bomhard postulates that from Proto-Afroasiatic (henceforth PAA), Chadic was the first to break off. This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 11:13. The construct state is used when a noun becomes unstressed as the first element of a compound, whereas the pronominal state is used when the noun has a suffixed possessive pronoun. . [123], Some scholars postulate that Proto-Afroasiatic was a tonal language, with tonality subsequently lost in some branches: Christopher Ehret has postulated a tonal system of at least two tonal phonemes, falling tone, rising tone, and possibly a third tone, level tone. There is no consensus regarding the location of the Proto-Semitic Urheimat; scholars hypothesize that it may have originated in the Levant, the Sahara, or the Horn of Africa, and the view that it arose in the Arabian Peninsulahas also been common historically. ref. p-Fula-Sereer There are approximately 400 Afroasiatic languages, either living or recorded but extinct. See . [98] AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing and . Thanks for viewing our Ebay listing! [15] Mller assumed that there existed a distinct "Hamitic" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic. [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). [40] Tom Gldemann, however, argues that less time may have been required than is commonly assumed, as it is possible for a language to rapidly restructure due to language contact, as happened in the Chadic branch and probably also in Omotic. [121] This structure is particularly visible in the verbs,[153] and is particularly noticeable in the triliteral Semitic verb. Kunama El proto-afroasitico , a veces denominado proto-afrasiano , es el proto-lenguaje reconstruido del que descienden todas las lenguas afroasiticas modernas . [40] Egyptian is first attested in writing around 3000 BCE and finally went extinct around 1300 CE, making it the language with the longest written history in the world. Ayere-Ahan innovation: addition of *t n. [140] A common pattern in AA languages with case is for the nominative to marked by -u or -i, and the accusative to be marked by -a. The Subclassification of Afroasiatic (Afrasian) Appendix 1. [19] Additionally, a majority of specialists consider the Omotic languages to constitute a sixth branch. Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. In Afro-Asiatic languages: Origins originated is referred to as Proto-Afro-Asiatic. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. He showed that, generally, any consonant from one of these groups could combine with consonants from any other group, but could not be used together with consonants from the same group. innovation: specialization of meaning to plant growth), (Berber, e.g., Shilh agafay 'cloud,' implies a 2nd root shape *-gaap-), to impel, make move (by pushing, pulling), (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. p-Gbe (Fongbe) Tiefo Classification and Index of the Worlds Languages. [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. p-Idomoid ), (Eg., Sem. Hadza, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic_reconstructions&oldid=68902118, attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix, attributive and complement deverbative suffix, noun derivation from verb by stem-vowel lengthening, (Sem., Eg. [174] The Semitic genitive case in -i is probably related to "nisba" adjective derivation. innovation: shift to outflow of water, not from body; root *-sa- seen in #540 + *t dur. Well-known Afroasiatic languages include Arabic, Ancient Egyptian, Somali, Tuareg, and Hausa. With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are . p-Upper Cross River [152], A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic "templates" are placed. Kim Voegelin, C.F. [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. [54] These five or six branches remain the academic consensus on the family. [190] Some South Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic languages, other Cushitic numerals have been borrowed from Ethiopian Semitic languages. p-Cushitic The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System. [15] The association between Africans and the Biblical Ham dates back to at least Isidore of Seville (6th century CE), and earlier 19th-century scholars had vaguely spoken of "Hamian" or "Hamitish" languages. Akpes p-N. Jos [153][168][h], Some AA branches have what is called a "suffix conjugation", formed by using pronominal suffixes to indicate person, gender, and number and a verbal adjective. [171][172] In Akkadian and Egyptian, the suffixes appear to be reduced forms of the independent pronouns (see Pronouns); the obvious correspondence between the endings in the two branches has been argued to show that Egyptian and Semitic are closely related. [122] In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case. Fig. suff. [175] In Egyptian, it takes the forms -j, whereas in Semitic it takes the form -i(y);[138] it thus has the same form in both language families. In Afro-Asiatic, there are five main families. In An Encyclopedia of Language, Omotic is listed as a sub-set of Cushitic, and Andrew Dalby writes the Egyptian division as "Egyptian-Coptic," even though Coptic is considered to be a sub-set of Egyptian. S. SC Sem. p-Gurunsi Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. suff. Yendang [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996. [6] [197], There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995. Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. shared innovation: 'raise' > 'lift, pick up'; probable further Ch., Eg., Sem. p-North Bauchi Both works provide highly divergent reconstructions and have been heavily criticized by other scholars. [169] As there is no evidence for the "prefix conjugation" in Omotic, Chadic, or Egyptian, it is unclear whether this was a Proto-Afroasiatic feature that has been lost in those branches or is a shared innovation among Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques. *y: attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix: 2a. *t: . p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Voltap-C. Oti-Volta) Tadaksahak, p-Niger-Congo shared innovation: *als-/*ils- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. innovation: 'grow' > 'live,' whence Eg. [76], There is no consensus where the original homeland (Urheimat) of the first Afroasiatic speakers was located. South Bauchi [17] The name refers to the fact that this is the only major language family with members in both Africa and Asia. [33] Only about 40 Chadic languages have been fully described by linguists. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. [130][164] In Akkadian, Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic this forms a "stative conjugation", used to express the state or result of an action; the same endings as in Akkadian and Egyptian are also present in the West Semitic perfective verb form. [30] For most branches, the first person pronouns contain a nasal consonant (n, m), whereas the third person displays a sibilant consonant (s, sh). North of the Sahara and the Ethiopian mountains are the Afro-Asiatic languages. Of all of the languages in the Afro-Asiatic line, Arabic is the most widely spoken language, stretching from Western Africa to the Middle East (ELL, p.51). The other three are very closely related and it is not hard for, say, a Dane to learn to understand a Swede. . p-Ogoni [165] This theory has been criticized by some, such as Andrzej Zaborski and Alan Kaye, as being too many extensions to be realistic, though Zygmont Frajzyngier and Erin Shay note that some Chadic languages have as many as twelve extensions. p-Central Khoisan [49], There there are also other proposed branches, but none has so far convinced a majority of scholars:[7]. [65] In 1844, Theodor Benfey first described the relationship between Semitic and the Egyptian language and connected both to the Berber and the Cushitic languages (which he called "Ethiopic"). [74], There is no consensus on when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken. [103] Igor M. Diakonoff proposed that Proto-AA had a three vowel system of long and short a, i, and u. [6][7], with the latter two having fallen out of favor in English but still seeing frequent usage in other languages, such as German. Proto-Cushitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1987) Appendix 3. Bendi [99] In Cushitic, the Ethiopian Semitic language Tigrinya, and some Chadic languages, there is no underlying phoneme [p] at all. common genetic origin of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic differ considerably from the assumptions made in other works on . p-Nilo-Saharan ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago , that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. [40] Coptic is the only stage written alphabetically to show vowels, whereas Egyptian was previously written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, which only represent consonants. Proto-Afroasiatic is a language and NOT an ethnicity: Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia There is no proof where the Afroasiatic languages originated, but the oldest Afroasiatic language writing has been found in Egypt and dated 6000 years. ); to reach out, (only C. reflexes imply 2nd form with reconstructed *a), to remove (from surface), pull, tear, or scrape off, to grumble, sigh, make sounds of complaint, (Eg., Sem. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. p-Aroid PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. Originally Posted by gihanga.rwanda. Proposed specific locations include the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the eastern Sahara, and the Levant. The Atlas of Languages. NE Sudanic p-Lower Cross River p-Grassfields [129] Full or partial reduplication of the verb is often used to derive forms showing repeated action (pluractionality), though it is unclear if this is an inherited feature or has been widely borrowed. [68] In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that a group of languages classified as Cushitic by Greenberg were in fact an independent "Omotic" language family, a proposal that has been widely accepted but remains controversial.

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