alabama dui checkpoint laws

DUI checkpoints are generally permitted under the U.S. Supreme Courts interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Roadblocks sobriety checkpoint, If you would like to contact the author, please visit: http://www.alabamaduiattorney.com/, Your email address will not be published. Much debate exists over the constitutionality of DUI checkpoints, that have reached as far as the Supreme Court. A DUI arrest comes with legal, as well as financial, implications. Many other states, like Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee and North Carolina, all have similar DUI laws. Go to jail, lawyer up and fix it. In some instances, drivers can see a checkpoint far enough in advance that they have the option of changing course. Consuming too much alcohol to drive safely leads to 90% or more of arrest for DUI in Alabama. I thought the OPs point was "how do I get out of a checkpoint" and my post was YOU DONT. A grand jury no-billed the charge (i.e., the jury concluded that there was a lack of sufficient evidence). License suspensions for refusing a chemical test can result in being denied any kind of restricted license, it can also be required that you install an Ignition Interlock on your vehicle. Instead, the state uses the DUI (driving under the influence) acronym. These types of observations are highly subjective and prone to abuse by unscrupulous officers. Evaluation and treatment for substance abuse, Driver's license suspension or revocation of driving privileges, Installation of an ignition interlock device, A 12-month driver's license suspension, and, An extra year added to the duration that a person needs to keep an ignition interlock device in their vehicle (Ala. Code 32-5A-191(t)(2)). Have your license and ID ready in case they come to the window for further inspection. The Dale County Sheriffs Office to hold a checkpoint on Saturday, September 3rd. Ninety days have gone by since the date of dismissal with prejudice, acquittal, nolle prosequi, or no-bill, and the charge has not been refiled. Visit our attorney directory to find a lawyer near you who can help. WebAlabama DUI Laws. In order to apply for a hearing you submit a request online. Many people erroneously think that I will cooperate, by talking to the nice officer, who will let me be on my way. Once alcohol is smelled or admitted to being consumed or any drug use is admitted or detected (like the smell of burnt marijuana) your night of driving is over. If you need legal advice and assistance, contact DUI lawyers. For example, if the position is for: Furthermore, the Alabama State Legislature does not prohibit employers from terminating a person's employment because of a DUI offense. Birmingham, AL 35209 However, unlike the first, second, and third DUI convictions which are misdemeanor offenses, a fourth or subsequent conviction is a Class C felony. Can a driver at a checkpoint be legally ordered to roll down his or her window? At a sobriety checkpoint, officers either stop every vehicle or use a specific pattern to stop certain cars on a public road to investigate if drivers are impaired. Join thousands of other satisfied customers and get your No Risk One Month Free Trial Local DUI Checkpoints via Text & Email. Generally, the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits police from stopping a vehicle without a reasonable basis for suspecting illegal activity. A drunk driving offense based on BACas opposed to the driver's level of impairmentis known as a "per se" DUI. A fine not less than $4,100 or more than $10,100. WebAlabama DUI News. Re-publication or redistribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Steven Oberman. So depending on which one you encounter, youll want to be prepared to flex your rightsappropriately. Day-to-day transportation costs if one's license was suspended or revoked. But drivers' constitutional rights aren't extinguished just because law enforcement sets up a checkpoint. Read more. Alabama is an actual physical control state, which means thatunder Alabama lawjust being in the car may be enough for police to make an arrest for a DUI in Alabama. There's a fair amount to debate as to the answer to this question. Text and email alerts are delivered in real-time*. DUI alcohol per se is a type of drunk driving charge that need no proof that your ability to drive your car existed. So how are checkpoints legal? WebFor a 1st offense of a DUI, you may receive: Up to 1 year in jail. Criminal penalties are as follows: Your penalties may vary depending on the circumstances and severity of your DUI. In order to quell debate among lower courts, the U.S. Supreme Court has addressed the constitutionality of checkpoints on several occasions. For more on the sheer absurdity of the policy, read security expert Bruce Schneiersinsightful analysis. Posted by: Phil Price Complete an alcohol/drug treatment, education, and evaluation program. The first case is Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 98 S.Ct. Alabama DUI Courts Municipal and District. Understanding Breathalyzer Test. However, ALEA will impose both a 90-day driver's license suspension and require the installation of an IID for one year, if: The agency will stay this 90-day suspension period if the offender submits proof that they installed the mandatory ignition interlock. While your specific reinstatement requirements will vary depending on the specifics of your court sentence and the severity of your DUI, you may need to: For more information about some of your possible reinstatement requirements, please visit our Suspended License in Alabama page. Since the Supreme Courts ruling inIllinois v. Caballes,police have more leeway to use drug-sniffing dogs in roadblock situations. Even the definition of DUI as a crime in Alabama comes from a case he handled in the Alabama Supreme Court in 1989. keep the police from capturing a breathalyzer test, for use in an Alabama DUI legal alcohol limit case. In determining the lawfulness of a checkpoint, courts must look to the specific facts of the situation. A second DUI conviction in Alabama comes with increased penalties: Upon a third conviction for a DUI in Alabama, an individual will face the following penalties: An individual can also receive a fourth conviction for a DUI in Alabama. Considering the consequences of a DUI conviction, it's a good idea to reach out to a local DUI attorney if you've been charged with a DUI in Alabama. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. There has been quite a bit of buzz lately about a video illustrating a Florida attorneys creative advice on handling DUI roadblocks / checkpoints. If you have been charged with a DUI from a DUI roadblock checkpoint in Georgia, you should hire a DUI attorney immediately. POPULAR CATEGORY. All Rights Reserved. More information on filing this petition, including the petition forms, instructions, and FAQs, can be obtained from the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency's criminal record expungement webpage. Local Text and Email Sobriety Checkpoint Alerts. Do I even need to crack my window? If theres a rest area following the sign, DO NOT pull into it. They prevent officers from using discriminatory profiling measures to select candidates to be stopped at a checkpoint. This article addresses some of the legal issues that might come up at DUI checkpoints. In a nutshell, the court's reasoning is that the government's interest in having checkpoints sometimes outweighs the inconvenience to drivers. The Florida Highway Patrol plans to station more troopers in the Perdido Key area to combat drunkdriving DCSO performs checkpoint, giving out information to cut down on DUIs. Persons convicted of a fourth or subsequent DUI offense will incur more stringent penalties, including: Note that, regardless of whether it is one's first or subsequent DUI violation, the courts can double the minimum penalty that a person would have received with a blood-alcohol level less than .15%. Login : Home : Checkpoint Locations : DUI Rights : HPD enforcing July 4 laws, checkpoints 7/3/2012 3:00:03 PM In other words, the bag hangs down the outside of the rolled-up driver's side window. However, if you're thinking of trying this method, it's best to first check with an attorney in your area who can advise you on the legality of doing so. In Alabama, there are no such distinctions. Unfortunately, this limited ruling still permits agents to conduct a quick look laptop search, such as asking you to turn on your laptop to peek at open windows. Alabama DUI Laws: Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits and Implied Consent. The individual had a BAC of at least .15% or more at the time of the offense. Mr. Price practiced law for many years with the late Macon L. Weaver, former U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama. Rather than creating a DWI statute, the state imposes criminal and administrative penalties on offenders according to the number of convictions obtained and the severity of an offense. The state trial courts handle criminal punishment, while the ALEA is concerned with administrative penalties. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. TSAs Mysterious ID Requirement What the Supreme Court Says About Sobriety Checkpoints In 1990, the Supreme Court held a ruling on the Constitutional legality of DUI Checkpoints across the nation. This type of conviction stays on a person's criminal record forever and can be viewed by any employer, landlord, or interested party. Alternative to checkpoints . While FindLaw works hard to ensure the accuracy of its legal resources, it's a good idea to thoroughly research the law or check with an attorney to make sure you have the most recent information. DUI checkpoints are legal in all but 12 states, which find the checkpoints to be unconstitutional. WebDUI Test : 5 Sobriety Tests You Have to Pass. Call us so we can get started on crafting a successful defense strategy today. of Homeland Security (DHS) are permitted to search you and your belongingswithoutprobable causeor asearch warrantanytime you pass through a TSA airport security zone. Webalabama dui checkpoint laws. On this page you'll find information about the definitions of a DUI/DWI, the penalties you may face, and the reinstatement requirements you may need to satisfy to regain your driving privileges. One of the rules and regulations that police must abide by when conducting a DUI checkpoint is to set up signs that warn drivers of the checkpoint ahead. Some offenders can be released on personal recognizance (also known as an OR bond). WebThe selection of checkpoints must be done in the interest of public safety and chosen for a specific objective (i.e., high amount of drunk driving accidents in the area.) Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Offenders are charged with a felony if their crime leads to fatalities or if they are repeat offenders. And while even a first offense can get you up to one year in jail, the penalties for subsequent offenses are much more severe. DUI sobriety checkpoints are legal. The U.S. Supreme Court has found them legal because they feel that these checkpoints deter clear public safety hazards. However, a checkpoint does invade a persons rights, including the right to be protected from unlawful search and seizure. Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. Intoxicated by a controlled substance that makes a person unable to drive safely. As a driver, you can legally turn around to avoid the checkpoint when you first see the signs. Copyright 2022 Vivial Media LLC. Please feel free to contact us for an evaluation of your case or legal issues. The penalties for a DUI arrest or conviction are often severe. The ACLU also keeps a Know Your Rights: Enforcement at the Airport page. However, people caught drunk driving in Alabama are liable to DUI charges alone. He has received a superb rating from Avvo. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Click Here To Browse Our Video Library. Leave a comment. They can look through the windows and make a note of items that are in plain sight, but thats the only information they can include in their report. Per Section 32-5A-191 of the Alabama Code, a first-time DUI offender faces up to a year in county or municipal jail. Uniformed officers and marked vehicles should make the police presence obvious. Back to top Replies (0) O-T Lounge The video suggests you hang your ID and other documentation outside of your rolled up car window in a zip-lock bag along with a note stating I remain silent. EVEN MORE NEWS. Drivers generally aren't required to voluntarily take an alcohol breath test or participate in field sobriety tests (FSTs). Criminal Defense Law Firm Mountain Brook, Vestavia Hills, Tuscaloosa, and Auburn Alabama, Free Professional Consultations | 24 Hour Lawyer For a FREE lawyer consultation call us Today: (205) 871-8838, Polson & Polson, P.C. What Are DUI Laws. He is the only attorney in North Alabama who is Board Certified as a DUI Specialist. The officer might ask the driver to take breathalyzer or do some field sobriety tests. Watch Our Videos, Send Us Your Questions. Difficulty entering another country for vacation or work. Any admission of prior alcohol consumption should be squelched. No searches. According to the law, Motorists are charged with a DUI if found operating a vehicle while intoxicated to a certain level. Firms, Mandatory Alcohol Education, Assessment and Treatment. Alabama does not have any expungement provisions for DUI convictions. July 12th 2017, 8:34 PM PDT. any drug use is admitted or detected (like the smell of burnt marijuana) your night of driving is over. Jan 28, 2021 Alabama's law enforcement uses DUI checkpoints to maintain the safety of the roads, ensuring that people arent driving while under the influence and ARE YOU REQUIRED TO ROLL DOWN YOUR WINDOW AT A DUI ROADBLOCK / CHECKPOINT? Alabama law enforcement agencies set up DUI checkpoints throughout the year, and the law does not limit where and when these DUI checkpoints can be held. Call our Alabama DUI attorneys today, for a, Professional case evaluation, on a DUI refusal or for allegedly being over the Legal Alcohol Limit, Our initial consultation and legal advice are. According to Alabama Code Section 32-5A-191 (h), anyone who is convicted of a Class C felony four or more times is guilty of it. Many Alabama lawyers are unaware of this law in Alabama, unless they practice criminal defense like Birmingham DUI lawyers Mark Polson and Whitney Polson. They might have evidence that necessitates further investigation, and showing any signs of resistance could jeopardize your driving privileges. You will be taking a trip to jail. Heres how their trick works. DUI Update for Alabama The following Alabama laws were enacted in 2018 so we are posting this reminder since the laws are still applicable. All You Need To Know About DUI Checkpoints, Vehicular Manslaughter Background At A Glance. A fine not less than $1,100 or above $5,100. The opposition has argued the benefit of such checkpoints, since statistically they have proven to be highly ineffective, and almost a failure in their set goal. Currently, in order for DUI checkpoints to be legal in the states where they are officially legal they must follow a set of rules that the Supreme Court set forth after a ruling in 1990. Drivers who are stopped at a checkpoint generally are not free to ignore the officer completely. The Supreme Court has carved out an exception to the normal rule for certain types of vehicle checkpoints. Those under 21 years old will have their license suspended for 30 days on a 1st offense. If you should drive into one of these roadblocks, you arenotrequired to answer the agents questions (usually starting with Are you a United States citizen?). For example, an officer my claim he or she smelled the odor of alcohol coming from inside the vehicle or that the drivers speech was slurred. WebThe first DUI conviction can result in up to one year of imprisonment in municipal or county jail, though there is no minimum mandatory sentence. Many other states, like Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee and North Carolina, all have similar DUI laws. 2824 Central Avenue #150 Alabama does not refer to drunk/impaired driving offenses as DWIs (driving while intoxicated). Alabama's DUI laws are outlined in Title 32, Chapter 5A, Article 9 of the Code of Alabama. 330 (1977). Unless a criminal record holder qualifies for expunction, DUIs appear on criminal background checks and remain on criminal records forever in Alabama. The individual refused to provide a blood alcohol concentration (BAC). He owns each of these devices. Privacy Policy, random checkpoints to find illegal drugs are unconstitutional, Know Your Rights: Enforcement at the Airport, refusal to release the text of the law that it uses to justify that requirement. Alabama Football: No excuse for Pete Golding DUI by 35 seconds ago x Alabama footballs Pete Golding 2 resort employees in 3 months killed by suspected DUI drivers in Perdido Key. WebSobriety checkpoints, or DUI roadblocks, are temporary installations used by law enforcement to catch drivers who are under the influence of alcohol. Permitted . Do I have to stop and be questioned by the officers conducting? With a ruling of 6-3, the Supreme Court declared that yes, DUI checkpoints were in fact legal and left it up to each state to decide whether to allow them or not. Recent Madison Alabama DUI Checkpoints for February 2023- Page 1. Other driving-related positions or those that require the use of heavy machinery. Revocation of a driver's license for a year. Get free quotes from the nation's biggest auto insurance providers. 6/10/2021 8:00:26 AM Driving While Under Influence of Alcohol, Controlled Substances, etc. Call our Alabama DUI attorneys today, for a FREE Professional case evaluation, on a DUI refusal or for allegedly being over the Legal Alcohol Limit. Any admission of prior alcohol consumption should be squelched. Police departments, especially in the Mid-west, have been pushing their luck with this tactic, so if you encounter anything resembling an actual drug checkpoint, please contact that statesACLU Chapter. If the police arrest you at a roadblock,alwaysconsult an attorney before confessing or agreeing to a plea bargain. Phillip B. Local Text and Email Sobriety Checkpoint Alerts. For more information, contact the AL DPS. Countless court cases have been filed, and appeals to existing ones in direct relation to DUI checkpoints. However, drivers who make a sudden U-turn or veer off onto another street immediately before a DUI checkpoint certainly run the risk of catching law enforcement's attention. They function as a general-purpose investigatory tactic where police can get a close look at passing motorists by detaining them briefly. Many Alabama lawyers are unaware of this law in Alabama, unless they practice criminal defense like Birmingham DUI lawyers Mark Polson and Whitney Polson. Ignition interlock devices are designed to hook up to your vehicle's ignition system and require you to pass a BAC/breathalyzer test before your car will start. The criminal penalties you may face for a DUI are in addition to any penalties by the Department of Public Safety. The Alabama State Law Enforcement Agency shall suspend or revoke the driver's license of any person, including, but not limited to, a juvenile, child, or youthful offender, convicted or adjudicated of, or subjected to a WebThree field sobriety tests are approved for Pennsylvania DUI cases: Walk-and-turn: The driver must walk a straight line, heel-to-toe, for nine steps, then turn around and walk heel-to-toe back to the starting point. Unless theres clear evidence that youre driving while under the influence, officers have no right to search the entire vehicle unless the driver gives permission. Checkpoints seem to be mostly a thing of the past, but every once in a while one gets run across. DUI checkpoints are illegal in the states of Wyoming, Wisconsin, Washington, Texas, Rhode Island, Oregon, Montana, Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, Idaho, and Alaska. DUI 83; State DUI This is the legal BAC limit for drivers age 21 and over, who are not operating a commercial motor vehicle, as defined under federal and state motor vehicle laws. A fine of $600 to $2,100, including a charge for the Impaired Drivers Trust Fund.. For a 2nd offense, you may face Call us today at 770-408-1001. Mandatory DUI or substance abuse program. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Remember that your constitutional rights still apply in a roadblock situation. Anyone pulled over for drunk or impaired driving in Alabama will be required to submit to a scientific test to evaluate their sobriety level. Only providing your name and address are required, to comply with Alabama laws. The email address cannot be subscribed. He has been received an AV rating by Martindale-Hubbell, the highest peer review rating in legal ability and ethical standards. The only way to fight an Administrative suspension is to request a hearing with the Department of Public Safety. now you can legally turn down a side road or park your car if its legal prior to getting to the checkpoint quote: Will I go to jail if I refuse? Any additional offenses can cause the license to be revoked for longer periods of time. You will be taking a trip to jail. An offender is likely to pay anywhere between $600 to $10,100+ to cover all or some of the following: For this reason, there is no fixed amount that a person can budget to spend for a DUI, nor is it easy to calculate an average in Alabama as it varies on a case-to-case basis the overall sum reaching several thousands of dollars. (*Alerts are cued and delivered in bulk. However, not all DUI offenders are required to post bail to be released. Mr. Price is the author of the Alabama DUI Handbook (published by West, a Thomson Reuters business) and has published many articles dealing with most aspects of DUI cases, including the subject of breath tests, field sobriety tests, jury selection and cross-examination. This does not apply to people who refuse an official test at the police station. What are the laws surrounding these? No driver should be taken by surprise when they come to the checkpoint. A fine not less than $2,100 or more than $10,100. When police find a sleeping, intoxicated driver, if no ignition key is present, this may be a case that gets dismissed, since the key is critical to operation of a car or truck. Here's generally how it works: As each car pulls up and stops, the officer asks if the driver has been drinking, the driver answers "no," and the officer sends the car on its way. Errors were made with the roadside tests or breath tests at the station, including using non-standard tests. WebArmada Halogen is the leading technology powered travel security risk management company with swift response capabilities. In Alabama, a DUI is a serious traffic offense that attracts equally severe penalties for offenders. Just be polite, but silent. Washington DUI Laws. OT Lawyers and cops, feel free to weigh in. If it is the offender's second or third offense or if aggravating factors (death, personal injury) exist, the courts and ALEA will augment sentences and sanctions. WebAlabama DUI Checkpoints Recent Alerts Go back to State selection. Hardship in getting a job or school admission. DRUNK DRIVING LAWS All 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws in place to protect the public from drunk drivers (e.g., driving is illegal with BAC at or above A Miranda warning is required only if police are conducting a "custodial interrogation" of a suspect. Police Capt. But be advised that your legal options are limited if youre arrested as a result of a dog sniff during a roadblock. A DUI conviction in Alabama can result in imprisonment, hefty fines, probation, the installation of an ignition interlock device (IID), substance abuse treatment, and others. However, drivers are not legally required to interact with every DUI Checkpoint they encounter while traveling along a roadway. An individual under 18 who violates the DUI laws of Alabama (operating a vehicle with a BAC between .02 and .08) will incur an automatic license suspension for 30 days. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Flex Your Rights materials are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. So if you see such signs,keep driving and dont panic. You have your rights at a DUI checkpoint and so does the police officer. Here are some of the basic rules and regulations a police officer follows as he performs his check: A police officer does not need a warrant to search your car for alcohol (or other drugs). If you're considering refusal of a field sobriety test, ask why they're requesting it. hurricane elizabeth 2015; cheap houses for sale in madison county; stifel wealth tracker login; zadna naprava peugeot 206; 3 days a week half marathon training plan; Incarceration ranging from 60 days to 1 year in county or municipal jail, with a 60-day mandatory minimum sentence. ALEA will stay the 90-day license suspension period if the offender agrees to install an approved ignition interlock device (IID) on their vehicle for 90 days. How do you find a DUI checkpoint? These regulations set the standards for the planning, functioning, and carrying out of DUI check points in detailed procedure. DUI' is an acronym used to refer to the criminal offense of driving under the influence in .css-9c6ohv{font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;font-family:"Arial",serif;color:#1b395e;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-9c6ohv:hover{color:#d30000;}Alabama. Mr. Price served as president of the Alabama Criminal Defense Lawyers in 1992-93. Alabama is an actual physical control state, which means that. I dont care what the laws are, but do I know those laws are BS. Its Free! The general rule is that the more DUI convictions a person accumulates, the more the individual will have to spend to resolve the case. Although laws vary by state and the facts of each case are unique, here are some of the basics of legal issues that can come up at DUI checkpoints. To qualify for a hearing you must send in a request within 10 days after your arrest. Nor are you required to consent to any searches. Below is a summary of Alabama DUI law, including information about sentences and education programs. It is the crime of operating a motor vehicle after consuming an illegal amount of alcohol or other inebriating substances. There might be some legal options that your lawyer can pursue. By refusing to submit to a chemical test the Department of Public Safety has the right to suspend your driver's license whether or not you are arrested. Name In fact, a fourth DUI conviction within five years can result in a sentence of between one and 10 years in an Alabama prison and/or a fine of between $4,000 and $10,000. He also instructs law enforcement officers how to perform better in their jobs of DUI enforcement. Any license suspension period runs alongside the ensuing criminal prosecution. It is also known as a "Felony DUI". Any person caught driving while drunk or influenced by drugs for the first time in Alabama will be arrested, detained at a police station, and asked to take a chemical test to determine their blood-alcohol (BAC) levels. When an officer first makes contact with a motorist who is stopped at a DUI checkpoint, the officer will be looking for physical manifestations of intoxication. (*Alerts are cued and delivered in bulk. See, e.g., Alabama Code 13A-10-2. Within 30 days of the issuance of the hearing results, a person aggrieved by the determination of the hearing shall have the right to file a to State, County and Municipal Public Records, Section 191 of the Alabama Rules of the Road Act, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (205) 871-8838. We will consider the second question is a later post. but you will usually wind up in court before this is pointed out. Description of the General Questions category. He is a Founding Fellow of the NCDD. Driving under the influence (DUI) in Alabama is a serious violation and can result in the loss of driving privileges, heavy fines, and prison time. In your criminal prosecution for drunk driving, the prosecutor will also try to use your DUI refusal to argue that you knew you would be above the BAC legal limit and argue to a jury that this is consciousness of guilt. A skilled Alabama DUI defense attorney will be able to rebut these government arguments, as there are many reasons (other than worrying about being above the legal drinking limit) for an innocent person to refuse a breathalyzer, especially when he or she is already in cuffs, and not allowed to call their DUI lawyer. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Also, keep in mind that police closely monitor cars approaching the roadblock. It may be possible to find hotspots for DUI checkpoints in a county or city from local news reports or find those details on a county or city's official website. Download Now, Polson & Polson, P.C. We provide safe, convenient and unique travel experience using intel, modern technology and quality resources, after considering all threats to ensure clients arrive safely at their destinations. Price, Sr. has been representing citizens charged with DUI in Alabama for over thirty years. These fees vary by company. However, provisions of Alabama DUI laws create additional DUI punishment and DUI license suspension penalties for anyone lawfully arrested for DUI in Alabama, who refuses to take a chemical test of their blood, breath, or urine following their lawful arrest for drunk driving.

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alabama dui checkpoint laws