It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 1. s" Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Your email address will not be published. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. %PDF-1.5 If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. /BitsPerComponent 8 Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. /Length 3884 /Font << In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. He rejects the assertion that He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. >> It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Moreover, 2. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 1. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. . (Tanzi, 1996). This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Best information base for latest information both national and international. ff>qsfN? You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. 3. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Your email address will not be published. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. /F4 15 0 R The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. /Parent 2 0 R Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. 7. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . /Length 14727 Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. Excellent, thanks a lot f Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. 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