This documentary investigates the world of muscles, how they work, the science behind muscles, and much more, taking you on a journey inside the body of two remarkable people. [23]. Their homes are extraordinary. The Zoo enclosures are large and contain objects imitating a natural chimpanzee environment, including climbing facilities. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; []LC-MS, prefrontal cortex; RNA-seq, Which statement is true regarding neurons? These metabolic changes could not be attributed to environmental conditions and were confirmed against the expression of their corresponding enzymes. Fibers of different types were counted in cross-sections of frozen tissue samples from nine adult chimpanzee individuals. -- [episode 2]. These characteristics may be involved in causing muscle weakness. Recordings of the scale were used to determine the maximum pulling strength of individuals. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s030. No, Is the Subject Area "Metabolites" applicable to this article? The metabolic changes that were induced by environmental effects showed significant enrichment in 19 KEGG pathways (permutation p<0.01, Table S19) containing a total number of human-specific metabolic change (68 peaks) significantly higher than expected in randomly sampled pathways (permutation p<0.05). Muscles: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. More importantly, human-specific metabolic changes showed significant agreement with expression profiles of the linked metabolic enzymes in all tissues except one (CBC, Figure 3d). 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disease that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Genes showing differences in expression level in a particular tissue compared with all other tissues, or species compared with all other species in the same tissue, within the upper or lower 5% quintile (10% quintile in the tissue comparison) of the difference distribution were classified as tissue-specific or species-specific in a given tissue respectively. Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating the control macaque monkeys from humans (human), chimpanzees (chimp. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Affiliation She has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a condition that causes her muscles to wither away. peaks with the same mass and RT differing by 0.5 were classified as overlapping and removed. Seven years earlier, a man named Tom Boyle hoisted a Chevy. We assessed the agreement between metabolite concentration levels and expression of their linked enzymes. The remarkable excess of human-specific metabolic divergence in the skeletal muscle, PFC, and in the brain as a whole, but not in V1 or the kidney, could be clearly visualized when grouping all species-specific metabolic changes found on the human, chimpanzee, and macaque evolutionary lineages (Figure 3c, Table S7). I should get one of those little Hunting in packs is quite . Omissions? Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 17. Previous studies, although limited to 21 and 118 metabolites measured in brains of humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys, revealed extensive metabolite concentration differences among species affecting approximately 50% of the assessed compounds [7],[8]. The quadratus lumborum muscle in the lower back side bends the lumbar spine and aids in the inspiration of air through its stabilizing affects at its insertion at the 12th rib (the last of the floating ribs). This set was narrowed down to the identified molecules in further functional analysis. [47:38 minutes] BRAINS PLUS BRAWN. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Rare Anatomy: Bones & Blood (DVD) . Each aliquot was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum centrifuge at room temperature. Stephen Wiltshire is an autistic genius. Specifically, we show that the metabolomes of PFC and skeletal muscle have undergone 4- and 7-fold greater divergence, respectively, on the human evolutionary lineage than expected from genetic divergence. When a person sick by flu sneezes or coughs, more than Excess of human-specific metabolite concentration divergence at different significance cutoffs. She is still the woman who holds the record for having the smallest human waist, measuring 38.1 centimeters around about the size of a "regular jar of mayonnaise," her site says. Eventually, Fred was found guilty but . Extraordinary velocity vector is a function. Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America, Affiliation https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s015. 4.5M views 11 years ago NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Thus, knowledge of metabolite concentration changes specific to human tissues may be instrumental to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying evolution of the human phenotype. Ligated products were then PCR-amplified (15 cycles). Metabolites directly linked to the enzymes with a human-specific expression profile in these tissues are indicated by darker shades of red and blue. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Changes in concentrations of these metabolites are thought to be closely related to changes in phenotype. To limit the potential technical artifacts, we employed a multistep peak filtering procedure to all MS datasets. a) fecal impaction b) suicide c) depression d) hip fractures ACE. internal standards; KEGG, The error bars show 0.05 and 0.95 quintiles of the significant peak number distributions calculated by randomly sampling six human or six chimpanzee individuals 1,000 times. We used Bowtie2 [26] with a default parameter setting to align the reads to the respective genomes: human version hg19, chimp panTro3, rhesus rheMac2, and mouse version mm9 from the Ensembl66 [27]. Updates? Literally, her studio where she does her work, and her framing is right next to her little kitchen. cerebellar cortex; CE-MS, Specifically, clusters containing metabolites and enzymes showing brain-specific profiles were enriched for, among others, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and the synaptic vesicle cycle; muscle-specific profiles for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation; and kidney-specific profiles for aldosterone-regulated water reabsorption (Table S5). A new largescale genetic analysis has found biological mechanisms that contribute to making people more susceptible to muscle weakness in later life . RNA-sequencing; RT, Lecturer in Anatomy, University of Liverpool. In the analysis of clusters and cluster pathways, the metabolites were sampled from all metabolites belonging to clusters with concentration profiles specific to a tissue different from the tissue of the tested cluster. Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among skeletal muscle tissues Erin E Terry,1Xiping Zhang,2Christy Hoffmann,1Laura D Hughes,3Scott A Lewis,1Jiajia Li,1Matthew J Wallace,1Lance A Riley,2Collin M Douglas,2Miguel A Gutierrez-Monreal,2Nicholas F Lahens,4Ming C Gong,5Francisco Andrade,5Karyn A Esser,2and Michael E Hughes1 He is Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Skeletal Muscle Health. Chimpanzee tests were performed at the Wolfgang Khler Primate Research Center of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig Zoo, Germany. Nevertheless, the 2 months' exposure of macaques to human-like environmental conditions did recapitulate some human-specific metabolic changes, indicating the relevance of our environmental tests. Chemically, the human body consists mainly of water and of organic compounds i.e., lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. IMDb is the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content. Get ready for liftoff: Today's special edition of CNN 10 is taking you up, up and away as we focus on space. our muscles work? Embed this data in a secure (HTTPS) page: Creative After second-strand synthesis, the ends of the double-stranded complementary DNA were repaired. Speak specifically to the major muscles that are affected in Jason Dunn and what transcripts to undergo muscle-specific alternative splicing while identifying some of the key trans-acting splicing factors . And can they find a way to lower the symptoms? How can the various forms of dystonia occur? Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31171232, 31250110071, Y23DC41301) and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant number 2012DFG31940), National Science Foundation (grant BCS-0824531) and James S. McDonnell Foundation (grants 22002078 and 220020293). Peaks showing p<0.01 and FDR<5% in 1,000 permutations were considered significant. Sponsored By. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s022. The normalization was performed on groups of samples belonging to the same tissue, an approach that was selected out of several other methods [25] according to normalization-quality measures of peak variation within samples of the same tissue and species. Yes capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; FDR, Accordingly, of the 10,615 detected metabolite peaks, 92% showed significant concentration differences among tissues (permutation p<0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)<1%), using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To further deepen our understanding of metabolite concentration changes accompanying recent human evolution, as well as to shed light on the general dynamics of metabolome evolution, we conducted a comprehensive metabolome survey across five tissues of humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, and laboratory mice based on over 10,000 metabolic compounds. Abbreviations: Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc. What we define as a peak throughout this manuscript is an individual mass trace together with isotopes (mass spectroscopy feature) at a distinct retention time in the chromatographic separation (chromatographic feature). Briefly, polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a poly-dT bead procedure and then chemically fragmented and randomly primed for reverse transcription. extraordinary humans muscles transcripttim kang neck surgery. Blood 03. Proportions of metabolite concentration changes on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 2,5055,141 metabolite peaks with no zero concentration values in all individuals of all species in a given tissue. Metabolites directly linked to the enzymes with a human-specific expression profile in these tissues are indicated by darker shades of red and blue. Thanks for watching, please subscribe for more videos.NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable hu. List of tissue samples used in metabolite measurements. The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending (i.e., the motion used to touch the ear to the shoulder). Indeed, several physiological features specific to humans imply possible metabolic adaptations. While chimpanzee, macaque, and mouse metabolomes diverge following the genetic distances among species, we detect remarkable acceleration of metabolome evolution in human prefrontal cortex and skeletal muscle affecting neural and energy metabolism pathways. To separate the organic from the aqueous phase, 500 l of an H2Omethanol mix (31 [v/v) was added to the supernatant, vortexed, and centrifuged (5 min; 14,000 g). Smooth muscle is under involuntary control and is found in the walls of blood vessels and of structures such as the urinary bladder, the intestines, and the stomach. A pig BodyMap transcriptome reveals diverse tissue physiologies and evolutionary dynamics of transcription Long Jin, Qianzi Tang, Silu Hu, Zhongxu Chen, Xuming Zhou, Bo Zeng, Yuhao Wang, Mengnan. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s004. The various forms of dystonia Tissues showing significant overrepresentation of enzymes with matching species-specific expression profiles are indicated with asterisks: **, p<0.01 and *, p<0.05. The relatively small effect of the short-term environmental changes on metabolite concentrations in macaque tissues indicates that the extraordinary human-specific metabolic divergence observed in skeletal muscle, PFC, and brain might reflect the phenotypic differences between humans and other species.

, Extraordinary humans : muscles & skin, produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, (videorecording), National Geographic Channel (Television station : Washington, D.C.), produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/collectionName, Extraordinary humans (Television program), http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorDate, http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorName, [Episode 1]. But how do The direction of the action can be ipsilateral, which refers to movement in the direction of the contracting muscle, or contralateral, which refers to movement away from the side of the contracting muscle. Also followed: a 41-year-old man. . Genes showing differences in expression level in a particular species tissue compared with all other species in the same tissue, within the upper or lower 5% quintile of the difference distribution, were classified as species-specific in a given tissue. Incredible Human Machine Video Worksheet Directions: Answer the following questions as you watch the movie. extraordinary humans muscles transcript. Of the 115 KEGG pathways containing an excess of species-specific metabolic changes, 100 contained at least one enzyme showing a consistent species-specific expression pattern in the RNA-seq data. Respiratory-The lungs are ridding the body of carbon dioxide and bringing in oxygen. For instance, evolution of a large brain in humans, which consumes 20% of the total body energy at rest, has been suggested to involve changes in energy distribution among tissues, as well as adaptation to a nutrition-rich diet [4],[5]. Using leading-edge animation, travel below the surface and into the extraordinary bodies of Hunter and Garrett to discover what makes and breaks this intricate and delicate tissue we call skin. (b) Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating humans, chimpanzees, and macaques subjected to environmental condition 1 (C1: physical activity deprivation), and macaques subjected to environmental condition 2 (C2: high nutrition and physical activity deprivation) from the control macaques in any of the five tissues (t-test, p<0.01). 3. After 3-end adenylation of these products, Illumina Single-End Sequencing adapters were ligated to the blunt ends of the cDNA fragments. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America, Affiliation Listen to a doctor explain the causes and treatment for a type of back pain called lordosis, Changes in the muscles of the head and neck, 17 Questions About Health and Wellness Answered, https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system, British Broadcasting Corporation - Muscles. For Nomads, eating leftovers from supermarkets and cardiac, smooth, skeletal 3. Colors show higher (red) and lower (blue) species-specific concentration levels. Wrote the paper: PK KB. Muscular System. ANOVA and t-test significance levels were corrected for multiple testing and the FDR levels at different nominal test significance levels were estimates by sample label permutations. Agreement between metabolite concentration profiles across the four species measured using LC-MS and GC-MS data and the independently measured CE-MS dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s035. To assess this hypothesis, we measured fiber-type composition in nine adult chimpanzee individuals (Table S21). Peripheral vision turns into tunnel vision to minimize distractions. Each enclosure hosted a group of approximately 20 individuals and contained multiple objects used for climbing. The coloring of the profiles corresponds to the coloring in Figure 2a. montecito journal media group, sensation de bulle dans le haut du ventre, united methodist church pastors directory, who are the actors in the new verizon commercial, how much does an emissions test cost in wisconsin, legislative district 3 includes snowflake arizona, actions speak louder than words quest bugged. Based on the gene expression measurements of the 120 tissue samples we searched for genes showing expression profiles specific to a particular tissue and specific to a particular species in a given tissue. extraordinary humans muscles transcript. Discover the location and role of skeletal muscles in the human body. The substance enters the brain rapidly, and then changes back into morphine. Subsequently, fibers were classified under light microscopy as type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. For each peak, concentration level in a given sample was normalized to the concentration across all samples of other primate species within the same tissue (base 2 logarithm-transformed ratios). One hundred and fifty years later, scientists decode nature's greatest mysteriesa two-hour special. Two rare skin disorders are examined, including harlequin ichthyosis (HI), a condition characterized by hard, scale-like skin that reproduces at an accelerated rate; and epidermolysis bullosa (EB), which causes the skin to be very fragile. No, Is the Subject Area "Metabolic pathways" applicable to this article? How many muscles did the video says the body uses just to take a single step? Whether it's telepathy, flight, psychokinesis, shapeshifting, superhuman strength, or some other super-cool power, at one point, we all wished we had some extraordinary power that would make us special from other people. Other mutations can lead to extra . The Night That Lasted A Lifetime. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s017. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Affiliation Numbers of peaks showing significant concentration differences between control macaques and humans or chimpanzees were estimated using randomly chosen six human or six chimpanzee individuals, the same numbers as for C1 and C2 macaque monkeys. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s005. [24]. Column outliers shows datasets where measurements in a given sample have failed as revealed by the PCA. Prior to this treatment, the test macaques, as well as all other macaques used in this study (standard condition: controls, n=17), were fed a balanced plant-based diet and housed in family groups in spacious outdoor enclosures. In analyses of species-specific metabolic changes unique to the five individual tissues used in this study, we excluded metabolite peaks with concentration levels specific to a given species and showing the same direction (increase or decrease) of change in multiple tissues within three tissue groups: (i) PFC and V1; (ii) cortex and CBC; (ii) brain, kidney, and muscle. The Table lists: pathways names and IDs, pathway p-Values, numbers of pathway metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, numbers of pairs of directly linked enzymes and metabolites with human-specific and concentration level profiles, as well as p-Values indicating probabilities of finding equal or greater numbers of enzymes or linked enzymes in metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. Movie demonstrating the experimental setup for the measurements of muscle strength of macaque monkeys. Asterisks indicate the significance of muscle strength difference between humans and the other two species (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001). The LC-MS datasets were filtered according to the following criteria: Before applying the last filtering criterion, outlier samples were removed from the datasets. Bowtie2 reports up to two possible alignments for each read. Cathie Jung is also known as the Corset Queen. Here we use RNAseq to profile mRNA expression in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues from mice and rats. extraordinary humans muscles transcript 2022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s025. How much do you know about the rich history of the engagement ring? The inability to control nonhuman primates' motivation hinders the exact quantification of the muscular strength difference between humans and nonhuman primates, even in a highly controlled experimental setup. Proportions of metabolite peaks showing species-specific concentration changes among the primates in different tissues. No, Is the Subject Area "Enzyme metabolism" applicable to this article? First, we learned about how muscles work. No, Is the Subject Area "Primates" applicable to this article? Guinness World Records. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles & Skin (DVD) $19.93. The greater strength of chimpanzees, relative to humans, may have been explained by American scientists. Scientists believe that every time the human genome duplicates itself there are around 100 new mutations. No, Is the Subject Area "Skeletal muscles" applicable to this article? View Extraordinary_Human_Muscles from ANATOM Anatomy at Mansfield High, Mansfield. Gospe et al. a branch of psychology concerned with Back in 2011, we got one of the best food documentaries. This excess was significantly greater than expected from phylogenetic time-based divergence estimates (linear regression p<0.01). To test whether the metabolite concentration differences among tissues could be confirmed against differences in the expression of their corresponding enzymes, we measured transcript levels in 120 of the 365 tissue samples using RNA-seq (Tables S1, S6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s034. occipital frontalis: a muscle that is located on the forehead that is responsible for moving the scalp up and downward and moving the eyebrows up and down corrugator supercilli: the muscles. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). List of peaks illustrated in Figure 3c. The concentration profiles of these metabolites across the different species showed significant agreement among methodologies in all tested tissues (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001, Figure S2). How does their daily life look like? Analyzing old muscles in other animals revealed that they produce energy inefficiently, they destroy more proteins than younger muscles, and they have high levels of molecules that cause inflammation. In this procedure the GC-MS chromatograms were exported as NetCDF files (ANDI MS format) using Leco ChromaTOF software (version 3.25) with the following settings: baseline subtraction just above the noise (1.0), peak width broadening with width-to-time (w/t) of 3.5/0 seconds6.0/1,400 seconds, and without smoothing. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In muscle, functional units partially overlapped and reflected human-specific changes in: (i) carbohydrate metabolism (propanoate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycolysis/glucogenesis); (ii) energy production (oxidative phosphorylation); and (iii) amino acid metabolism (histidine, -alanine metabolism) (Figure 4a, Table S15, Figure S11). There is even a term for that dumpster How many copies of the mutant gene do people need to have to develop DYT 1 dystonia? Discover the location and role of skeletal muscles in the human body. Accelerated evolution of the human brain and muscle metabolomes . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s003. Shown are the ratios of metabolite peaks showing human-specific concentration changes to peaks showing species-specific changes on the other evolutionary lineages at different significance cutoffs.

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