Diodati's version is the reference version for Italian Protestantism. The Jewish historian Josephus mentions a Canon in the first century, and another Canon was finalized in the second. [74] Luther himself did not accept the canonicity of the Apocrypha although he believed that its books were "Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read". Several translations of Luther's Bible were made into Dutch. IVP Academic, 2010, Location 147886 (Kindle Edition). A revised edition in modern Italian, Nuova Diodati, was published in 1991. Certain groups of Jews, such as the Karaites, do not accept the Oral Law as it is codified in the Talmud and only consider the Tanakh to be authoritative. This period is also known as the "400 Silent Years" because it is believed to have been a span where God made no additional canonical revelations to his people. In Judaism, the canon consists of the books of the Old Testament only. Later Councils at Hippo (393 AD) and Carthage (397 AD) ratified this list of 73 books. Around Protestant Europe, many vernacular Bibles appeared during the sixteenth century. Most of the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament are found in the Syriac, and the Wisdom of Sirach is held to have been translated from the Hebrew and not from the Septuagint. It is important to note that the writings of Scripture were canonical at the moment they were written. ), No - (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 4 Esdras. Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names. The result was the Statenvertaling or States Translation which was completed in 1635 and authorized by the States-General in 1637. The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. It designates the exclusive collection of documents in the Judeo-Christian tradition that have come to be regarded as Scripture. This edition of the Bible is commonly referred to as The Vulgate. It remained authoritative in Dutch Protestant churches well into the 20th century. November 8, 2019 at 2:10 p.m. | Updated November 11, 2019 at 3:51 p.m. Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is used as a shorthand for a bible which only contains the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. A book of Scripture belonged in the canon from the moment God inspired its writing. However, a degree of uncertainty continues to exist here, and it is certainly possible that the full textincluding the prologue and epilogueappears in Bibles and Biblical manuscripts used by some of these eastern traditions. Not at all. "The Abisha Scroll 3,000 Years Old?". The Ascension of Isaiah has long been known to be a part of the Orthodox Tewahedo scriptural tradition. That is, Protestants and Catholics claim the Bible is their canon or authority for faith and morals. Many denominations recognize deuterocanonical books as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai managed to escape Jerusalem before its destruction and received permission to rebuild a Jewish base in Jamnia. They are still being honored in some traditions, though they are no longer considered to be canonical. The Septuagint divided the books of Samuel, Kings, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah each into two, which makes eight instead of four. ", Belgic Confession 4. However, there were some exceptions. [65] The council confirmed the same list as produced at the Council of Florence in 1442,[66] Augustine's 397-419 Councils of Carthage,[45] and probably Damasus' 382 Council of Rome. Ferguson, Everett. The Ethiopian Tewahedo church accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees. The Book of Deuteronomy includes a prohibition against adding or subtracting (4:2, 12:32) which might apply to the book itself (i.e. Some religious groups today accept the Bible as one of their religious books but they also accept other so-called "revelations from God.". ), and we know that in the Rabbinic period a specific list of . "The Canon of Scripture". In Protestant Christianity, the canon is the body of scripture comprised in the Bible consisting of the 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament. In about 367 AD, St. Athanasius came up with a list of 73 books for the Bible that he believed to be divinely inspired. [citation needed]. This edition was revised in 1641, 1712, 1744, 1819 and 1821. "[29], In his Easter letter of 367, Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria gave a list of exactly the same books that would become the New Testament27 bookproto-canon,[30] and used the phrase "being canonized" (kanonizomena) in regard to them. Although the history of the canon of scripture is a bit messy at junctures, there is no evidence that it was established by a relative few Christian bishops and churches such that convened at Nicaea in 325. 2531). In addition to the Tanakh, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism considers the Talmud (Hebrew: ) to be another central, authoritative text. The Catholic canon was set at the Council of Rome (382).[19]. [46][47][48], Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382 (if the Decretum is correctly associated with it) issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above. The Third Epistle to the Corinthians always appears as a correspondence; it also includes a short letter from the Corinthians to Paul. The Ethiopian Bible includes the Books of Enoch, Esdras, Buruch and all 3 Books of Meqabyan (Maccabees), and a host of others that were excommunicated . The synod requested the States-General of the Netherlands to commission it. The first complete Dutch Bible was printed in Antwerp in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt. [37], Most Bible translations into English conform to the Protestant canon and ordering while some offer multiple versions (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox) with different canon and ordering. The Great Assembly, also known as the Great Synagogue, was, according to Jewish tradition, an assembly of 120 scribes, sages, and prophets, in the period from the end of the biblical prophets to the time of the development of Rabbinic Judaism, marking a transition from an era of prophets to an era of rabbis. There are Bible aids, maps, articles added throughout. It is composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew. All of the major Christian traditions accept the books of the Hebrew protocanon in its entirety as divinely inspired and authoritative, in various ways and degrees. Around 100 CE canonization of the Hebrew Bible was complete, with the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings all clearly accepted as scripture by all forms of early Judaism. The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most primary sources for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books. The sixty-six books of the Bible form the completed canon of Scripture. Other traditions, while also having closed canons, may not be able to point to an exact year in which their canons were complete. ), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books. For the following three centuries, most English language Protestant Bibles, including the Authorized Version, continued with the practice of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. [34], There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon; however, Jerome (347-420), in his Prologue to Judith, makes the claim that the Book of Judith was "found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures". Still today, the official, Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven, Though they are not listed in this table, the. Understanding the church. Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo. Community Bot. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a . Martin Luther, the celebrated catalyst of the Protestant Reformation, famously took issue with the book of James.He didn't think it expressed the "nature of the Gospel," it appeared to contradict Paul's statements about justification by faith, and it didn't directly mention Christ. Some sources place Zna Ayhud within the "narrower canon". The reason for this is that the Protestant canon of the Old Testament has been influenced by the Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint (LXX) made about 250-160 B.C. Finally, the Book of Joseph ben Gurion, or Pseudo-Josephus, is a history of the Jewish people thought to be based upon the writings of Josephus. The Reliability of the New Testament Definition The biblical canon is the collection of scriptural books that God has given his corporate people, which are distinguished by their divine qualities, reception by the collective body, and their apostolic connection, either by authorship or association. The books that make up the Bible were written by various people over a period of more than 1,000 years, between 1200 B.C.E. The first proto-Protestant Bible translation was Wycliffe's Bible, that appeared in the late 14th century in the vernacular Middle English. For instance, in the Slavonic, Orthodox Tewahedo, Syriac, and Armenian traditions, the New Testament is ordered differently from what is considered to be the standard arrangement. It was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section. This played a major role in finalizing the structure of the collection of works called the Bible. More than 40 authors in three languages during a period of 1,500 years contributed to the booksand letters which make up the biblical canon of Scripture. [37] And yet, these lists do not agree. [86][87] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[88]. An early fragment of 6 Ezra is known to exist in the Greek language, implying a possible Hebrew origin for 2 Esdras 1516. [3] With the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament, the total number of books in the Protestant Bible becomes 80. "[80], In the Oriental Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon, the books of Lamentations, Jeremiah, and Baruch, as well as the Letter of Jeremiah and 4 Baruch, are all considered canonical by the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. 2. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional . James Dixon Douglas, Merrill Chapin Tenney (1997), Diccionario Bblico Mundo Hispano, Editorial Mundo Hispano, pg 145. 532 pages, Paperback. [32], Since the 19th century changes, many modern editions of the Bible and re-printings of the King James Version of the Bible that are used especially by non-Anglican Protestants omit the Apocrypha section. [5] The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in the Deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha. [64], Various books that were never canonized by any church, but are known to have existed in antiquity, are similar to the New Testament and often claim apostolic authorship, are known as the New Testament apocrypha. Despite many years of wrangling over the OT Apocrypha, the Hebrew canon handed down by the Jews still stands as the Bible known by Jesus and the apostles and therefore is properly . 1 Clement and Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabas were regarded as some of the most important documents by the earliest Christians and no doubt, they did influence the early church somewhat. (6) Some . The word canon is used to identify the collection of sacred books that comprise the Bible. It can still be found, however, today in all Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles, along with a handful of Bibles that are considered to be more or less Protestant (e.g. Some differences are minor, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as a commandment to be monogamous, which appears only in the Samaritan version. "[24], By the early 3rd century, Christian theologians like Origen of Alexandria may have been usingor at least were familiar withthe same 27 books found in modern New Testament editions, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of some of the writings (see also Antilegomena). [14], Samaritans consider the Torah to be inspired scripture, but do not accept any other parts of the Bibleprobably a position also held by the Sadducees. [51] Thus from the 4th century there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon as it is today,[52] with the exception of the Book of Revelation. In 1534, Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. [76][77] Thus Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.[77]. [35], The Eastern Churches had, in general, a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making sharp delineations with regard to the canon. Although he convoked the Council of Nicaea in 325, he was not even baptized a Christian at that point. [96] However, it was left-out of the Peshitta and ultimately excluded from the canon altogether. Subsequently, some copies of the 1599 and 1640 editions of the Geneva Bible were also printed without them. At that time, they decided to The Protestant Bible compared to the Catholic Bible The Protestant Bible and the Catholic Bible are two different versions of the same text. This manuscript included all 39 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament in the same language: Latin. Wycliffe's writings greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech proto-Reformer Jan Hus (c. Ethiopic Lamentations consists of eleven chapters, parts of which are considered to be non-canonical. [17] Other early Protestant Bibles such as the Matthew's Bible (1537), Great Bible (1539), Geneva Bible (1560), Bishop's Bible (1568), and the King James Version (1611) included the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament. Other versions were used by fewer than 10%. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. Determining the canon was a process conducted first by Jewish rabbis and scholars and later by early Christians. Goff, Philip. The Pauline epistles were circulating in collected forms by the end of the 1st century AD. [1] Following the Protestant Reformation, Protestants Confessions have usually excluded the books which other Christian traditions consider to be deuterocanonical books from the biblical canon (the canon of the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches differs among themselves as well),[14] most early Protestant Bibles published the Apocrypha along with the Old Testament and New Testament. [39] This New Testament, originally excluding certain disputed books (2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Revelation), had become a standard by the early 5th century. [42] These Councils took place under the authority of Augustine of Hippo (354430), who regarded the canon as already closed. The Apocrypha are made up of two groups of writings not included in the Protestant canon of Scripture, the OT apocryphal books, and the NT apocryphal books. (A more complete explanation of the various divisions of books associated with the scribe Ezra may be found in the Wikipedia article entitled ". Also of note is the fact that many Latin versions are missing verses 7:367:106. These and many other works are classified as New Testament apocrypha by Pauline denominations. For the number of books of the Hebrew Bible see: Crown, Alan D. (October 1991). Among the various Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is a generally agreed-upon list of 27 books. Earlier Spanish translations, such as the 13th-century Alfonsina Bible, translated from Jerome's Vulgate, had been copied by hand. [36], These Old Testament, Apocrypha and New Testament books of the Bible, with their commonly accepted names among the Protestant Churches, are given below. Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness (First Maccabees 2:52). The Didache,[note 5] The Shepherd of Hermas,[note 6] and other writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers, were once considered scriptural by various early Church fathers. The Second Helvetic Confession (1562), affirms "both Testaments to be the true Word of God" and appealing to Augustine's De Civitate Dei, it rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 19851993. Especially of note is, The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books. The King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah). The Roman Catholic canon differs, however, from the Bible accepted by most Protestant churches: it includes the Old Testament Apocrypha, a series of intertestamental books omitted in Protestant Bibles. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. The three books of Meqabyan are often called the "Ethiopian Maccabees", but are completely different in content from the books of Maccabees that are known or have been canonized in other traditions. The Hebrew Bible and the Protestant Bible have the same content in the Old Testament, but the organization is different, such as, for example, the Hebrew Bible has one book of Samuel while the Protestant Bible has two. [43] Others, like Melito, omitted it from the canon altogether. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs, and history. Some Christian groups have additional or alternate canonical books which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible. The Bible has three major compositions. This process was not without debate. Among Aramaic speakers, the Targum was also widely used. The German-language Luther Bible of 1534 did include the Apocrypha. However, certain canonical books within the Orthodox Tewahedo traditions find their origin in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers as well as the Ancient Church Orders. [19] However, the translations of Luther's Bible had Lutheran influences in their interpretation. The Short Answer. Some ancient copies of the Peshitta used in the Syriac tradition include 2 Baruch (divided into the Apocalypse of Baruch and the Letter of Baruch; some copies only include the Letter) and the non-canonical Psalms 152155. Only when the canon had become self-evident was it argued that inspiration and canonicity coincided, and this coincidence became the presupposition of Protestant orthodoxy (e.g., the authority of the Bible through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit). Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 19851993. The development of the "official" biblical canon was a lengthy process that began shortly before the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. Emperor Constantine commissioned 50 copies of the Bible for. In the same passage, Augustine asserted that these dissenting churches should be outweighed by the opinions of "the more numerous and weightier churches", which would include Eastern Churches, the prestige of which Augustine stated moved him to include the Book of Hebrews among the canonical writings, though he had reservation about its authorship. The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate contained in the Appendix several books considered as apocryphal by the council: Prayer of Manasseh, 3 Esdras, and 4 Esdras. Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. [75] Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. [33] Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. "[8] The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among many English-speaking Protestants following a 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books: the four canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. [49], In a letter (c. 405) to Exsuperius of Toulouse, a Gallic bishop, Pope Innocent I mentioned the sacred books that were already received in the canon. Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. RSV), albeit in special editions. This question illuminates one of those painful intersections between theology and church history: the canonization of Scripture. Orthodox Bible is always 81, this number is most commonly reached in two different ways (although other ways did and do exist).8 5 Wikipedia, Biblical canon (accessed November 26, 2011) 6 Wikipedia, Biblical canon (accessed November 26, 2011) 7 R. W. Cowley, The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today, in: Ostkirchliche Studien, Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). [15], In the English language, the incomplete Tyndale Bible published in 1525, 1534, and 1536, contained the entire New Testament. Justin Martyr, in the early 2nd century, mentions the "memoirs of the Apostles", which Christians (Greek: ) called "gospels", and which were considered to be authoritatively equal to the Old Testament. Several varying historical canon lists exist for the Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. This canon remained undisturbed till the sixteenth century, and was sanctioned by the council of Trent at its fourth session. Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. PROPHETS. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The Canon Defined. . These include the Prayer of, Though widely regarded as non-canonical, the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to. They reasoned that by not printing the secondary material of Apocrypha within the Bible, the scriptures would prove to be less costly to produce. The Ethiopian Bible includes the Books of Enoch, Esdras, Buruch and all 3 Books of Meqabyan (Maccabees), and a host of others that were excommunicated from the KJV. [16], The people of the remnants of the Samaritans in modern-day Israel/Palestine retain their version of the Torah as fully and authoritatively canonical. Trullo's Biblical Canon lists affirmed documents such as 1-3 Maccabees, but neither Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra (AKA Vulgate "4 Ezra/Esdras"), nor 4 Maccabees. From that year until 1657, a half-million copies were printed. [15] They did not expand their canon by adding any Samaritan compositions. The canon at Qumrn In the collection of manuscripts from the Judaean desertdiscovered from the 1940s onthere are no lists of canonical works and no codices (manuscript volumes), only individual scrolls. There is some uncertainty about which was written first. The Prayer of Manasseh is included as part of the. [note 2][81]. The canonization process of the Hebrew Bible is often associated with the Council of Jamnia (Hebrew: Yavneh), around the year 90 C.E. "[13], The Samaritan Pentateuch's relationship to the Masoretic Text is still disputed. A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible. Brecht, Martin. Like Luther, Miles Coverdale placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. It includes and accepts only the scriptures that are strictly in Hebrew. Another version of the Torah, in the Samaritan alphabet, also exists. Some Protestant Biblesespecially the English King James Bible and the Lutheran Bibleinclude an "Apocrypha" section. The Roman Catholic Canon as represented in this table reflects the Latin tradition. On various church councils, (AD 382 in Rome, AD 393 in Hippo, and AD 397 in . The Old Testament books were written well before Jesus' Incarnation, and all of the New Testament books were written by roughly the end of the first century A.D. The latter was chosen by many. Clontz (2008), "The Comprehensive New Testament", ranks the NRSV in eighth place in a comparison of twenty-one translations, at 81% correspondence to the Nestle-Aland 27th ed. In many ancient manuscripts, a distinct collection known as the. All of these apocrypha are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox Church per the Synod of Jerusalem. [55][56], Martin Luther (14831546) moved seven Old Testament books (Tobit, Judith, 12 Maccabees, Book of Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch) into a section he called the "Apocrypha, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read".[57]. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in churches and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound. Marcionism rejects the Old Testament entirely; Marcion considered the Old Testament and New Testament gods to be different entities. This included 10 epistles from Paul, as well as an edited version of the Gospel of Luke, which today is known as the Gospel of Marcion. Protocanonical ( protos, "first") is a conventional word denoting those sacred writings which have been always received by Christendom without dispute. The process of determining the biblical canon was begun by Jewish scholars and rabbis and later finalized by the early Christian church toward the end of the fourth century. However, the way in which those books are arranged may vary from tradition to tradition. Some Eastern Rite churches who are in fellowship with the Roman Catholic Church may have different books in their canons. The Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East both adhere to the Peshitta liturgical tradition, which historically excludes five books of the New Testament Antilegomena: 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation. Likewise, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians[note 4] was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,[95] but is no longer printed in modern editions. The religious scholar Bruce Metzger described Origen's efforts, saying "The process of canonization represented by Origen proceeded by way of selection, moving from many candidates for inclusion to fewer. Protestant Bible contains 66 books in total out of which 39 books are of the old testaments and 27 books from the new testament. Both Aphrahat and Ephraem of Syria held it in high regard and treated it as if it were canonical. First printed in 1611, this edition of the Bible was commissioned in 1604 by King James I after feeling political pressure from Puritans and Calvinists demanding church reform and calling for a. The canon of the Protestant Bible totals 66 books39 Old Testament (OT) and 27 New Testament (NT); the Catholic Bible numbers 73 books (46 OT, 27 NT), and Greek and Russian Orthodox, 79 (52 OT, 27 NT) (Ethiopian Orthodox, 8154 OT, 27 NT). This list, or "canon," was affirmed at the Councils of Jamnia in A.D. 90 and 118. [63], Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. Highly idiomatic paraphrase / dynamic equivalence, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 21:05. The word "catholic" means "all-embracing," and the Catholic Church sees itself as the only . We have a fairly good idea about the date by which the books in the Jewish Bible (the same as the ones in the Protestant Old Testament) were completed (the latest seems to be Daniel, finished in approximately 165 B.C.E. How the Books of the Bible were Chosen. 81%correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. Answer The word "canon" comes from the rule of law that was used to determine if a book measured up to a standard. In the Latin Vulgate and Douay-Rheims, chapter 51 of Ecclesiasticus appears separately as the "Prayer of Joshua, son of Sirach". His reign lasted from 312-337. The Talmud in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. Different denominations recognize different lists of books as canonical, following various church councils and the decisions of leaders of various churches. [2] Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a section known as the Apocrypha (though these are not considered canonical) bringing the total to 80 books. The following tables reflect the current state of various Christian canons. [30][67] Sixtus of Siena coined the term deuterocanonical to describe certain books of the Catholic Old Testament that had not been accepted as canonical by Jews and Protestants but which appeared in the Septuagint. Some books, though considered canonical, are nonetheless difficult to locate and are not even widely available in Ethiopia. By doing this, he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persists in Christian thought today. However, those books are included in certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions. "[4], The Souldiers Pocket Bible, of 1643, draws verses largely from the Geneva Bible but only from either the Old or New Testaments. With this background, we can now address why the Protestant versions of the Bible have less books than the Catholic versions.

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