Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. carolina health specialists phone number. The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. (a) No certificate holder shall The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. . Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. A subsequent investigation A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. It is important for the demonstration to conform to the explanation as closely as possible. or pointing out sights of interest and filling out company payroll and At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. The pilots failure to maintain an awareness of the circumstances regarding the flight now becomes the problem. If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. The instructor must be alert and ensure the students understand the objectives of each step of their training, and that they know at the completion of each lesson exactly how well they have progressed and what deficiencies are apparent. For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. items totally unrelated to flying. He was forced to land at the nearest airfield available, On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot could have made decisions which may have prevented this incident, However, as the chain of events unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and fewer options. [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. disobeying the rule is not intentional. In addition, the student should listen to the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), or Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), if available, and then monitor the tower frequency or Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to get a good idea of what traffic conditions to expect. A look at two of these Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. [Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. They landed on the airplane's belly. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest Note: Taxi is defined This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. Some situations, such as engine failures, require a pilot to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis. Effective use of instruments also results in superior cross-country navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall pilot competency level, General aviation accident reports provide ample support for the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to safety. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. Pilot error means that an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause of, or contributing factor to, the accident. Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. This is especially important for flight instruction. a very fine elucidation. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for excellent, Mike. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. Students who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. Chronic fatigues underlying cause is generally not "rest-related" and may have deeper points of origin. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. But a valuable If a student seems distracted, or has a particularly difficult time accomplishing the tasks of the lesson, the instructor can query the student. The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. cockpit rule. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety From Flight Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. The explanation phase also should include coverage of appropriate safety procedures. It is a testing tool. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. She also contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check weather conditions at the new destination. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. Put simply, the 'sterile cockpit' rules forbid any unnecessary actions or conversations taking place in the aircraft cockpit during the most critical parts of the flights. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. It just happens. Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. Fortunately I've received some help this month. and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. The assessment must consider the students mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver, rather than merely the overall performance, In order for a student to be signed off for a solo flight, the CFI must determine that the student is qualified and proficient in the flight tasks necessary for the flight. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Truly, the sterile On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. The FAA holds him or her accountable. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. The most effective cure is prevention. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. the danger is that i can appear to be . For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved.

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